细菌生物被膜与抗生素耐药机制研究进展

细菌引发的感染已成为感染性疾病的主要原因之一,具有耐药性和难治性的特点,而且还可以对抗机体的免疫清除作用,对人类和动物的健康造成很大的危害,也给人们生活的其他方面带来了越来越严重的影响,引起了基础和临床研究的极大关注。但是细菌生物被膜对抗生素的耐药机制目前还不十分清楚,现对近年来细菌生物被膜对抗生素耐药形成的几种可能机制进行综述。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖中的作用机理及应用研究进展

介绍了微生态制剂在水产动物健康养殖中的作用机制,以及微生态制剂在刺参养殖中的应用前景。微生态制剂在水产动物中的作用机理包括通过竞争来抑制病原菌生长（如黏附位点、营养、能源等）、通过代谢物（如抑菌物质、消化酶等）调节微生态平衡、提高免疫机能、改善水质、群体感应（quorum sensing,QS）。刺参生理生化反应、生活习性的研究为刺参微生态制剂的开发奠定了基础,也存在一些问题限制了它在刺参养殖中的应用,但微生态制剂仍然是抗生素最有潜力的替代品,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Resistance of wild rices, Oryza spp., to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Of the 128 wild rices screened, 83 accessions were resistant to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Resistant accessions were non-preferred and significantly more individuals settled on susceptible TN1 plants than on resistant ones. The quantity of food ingested and assimilated by N. lugens on resistant accessions was less than on susceptible TN1. N. lugens caged on resistant accessions had slow nymphal development, reduced longevity and low fecundity. Two wild rice species, Oryza officinalis and O. punctata, reduced the percentage hatchability of N. lugens eggs. A significant reduction in population growth was observed on resistant accessions compared with susceptible TN1.     

奶牛乳腺炎防治的免疫学和药理学机制

奶牛乳腺炎是一种复杂的多因素疾病，给世界各国奶牛业造成了巨大的经济损失，而至今未能提出一个彻底解决的办法。本文综述了奶牛乳腺炎的致病因素、乳腺的免疫机制和乳腺炎治疗的药理学机制方面的研究进展，重点剖析了乳腺特殊的免疫体系和乳腺炎治疗的药理学特点，分析阐明了奶牛乳腺炎免疫和治疗失败的原因。     

给定行程速度变化系数的四杆机构设计

在一些教科书中,对于给定行程速度变化系数的四杆机构设计,结论上存在一些错误和缺陷。利用几何方法,对曲柄中心所在位置的各种可能性进行了分析,给出了较为完整的结论。     

Direct and indirect lymphocyte participation in the immunity and immunopathology of tropical canine pancytopenia—A review

Erlichia canis, a rickettsial pathogen which infects monocytes, induces generalized lymphocyte activation. Activated T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells capable of destroying infected and uninfected monocytes and platelets. Activated B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells associated with plasmocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia with high levels of specific antibody and a platelet migration inhibition factor. These effector mechanisms, aimed at parasite destruction, contribute to the pathogenesis of acute tropical canine pancytopenia and do not completely eliminate the etiologic agent. A carrier state of ‘infection-immunity’ exists between the immunocompetent host and virulent parasite. E. canis has evolved mechanisms of ‘tolerant-symbiosis’ with hostile macrophages and other effector cells in the immune host.     

农业产业化运行机制的现实分析

农业产业化是一项涉及多部门、多产业、多主体的系统工程，这一系统能否高效的运作.是实施农业产业化发展战略的关键。木文通过对农业产业化运行模式和运行机制的现实分析.阐述了在新形势下如何有效建立起农业产业化的运行机制。     

动物脂肪组织的分化起源

动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子(adipokines)参与机体生理功能的调控。脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点。白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近。以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分(stromal vascular fractions,SVF)或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能。进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据。     

Physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat seedlings to salt and alkali stresses

Abstract

Effects of salt (NaCl?:?Na₂SO₄) and alkali (NaHCO₃?:?Na₂CO₃) stresses on the contents of inorganic ions and organic solutes in wheat shoots were compared to explore the physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat to these stresses. Wheat significantly accumulated Na⁺ and simultaneously accumulated Cl^?, soluble sugars and proline to maintain osmotic and ionic balance under salt stress. Compared with salt stress, the high pH from alkali stress enhanced Na⁺ accumulation and affected the absorption of inorganic anions. To maintain ionic and osmotic balance, wheat accumulated organic acids, soluble sugars and proline. The accumulation of Cl^? and organic acids was the main difference in the physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms to salt and alkali stresses, respectively.     

喷施硅铈溶胶缓解镉铅对小白菜毒害的研究

通过大田试验,在轻度镉-铅复合污染菜地向小白菜叶面喷施不同浓度的硅溶胶、铈溶胶及硅铈复合溶胶,研究其对产量、品质、抗氧化酶活性及Cd、Pb吸收的影响。结果表明,喷施硅铈溶胶均能促进小白菜生长,增加小白菜生物量和提高维生素C、可溶性糖的含量,降低亚硝酸盐的含量;显著增强抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD)活性和降低小白菜地下部、地上部中镉、铅的含量及累积量。在不同浓度的施硅和施铈处理中,喷施0.50 g kg-1SiO2处理和0.20 g kg-1CeO2处理在增产、提升品质和缓解重金属对小白菜毒害上效果最佳,喷施硅铈复合溶胶虽效果显著,但与单独施硅、施铈相比无明显提高。